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Boot Camp 2020-2021 Assignment #3b Video

Added Apr 22, 2021 •

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Please watch this video and complete the corresponding Assignment #3b worksheet. Due Tuesday April 27th, 2021

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let's talk a little bit about the structure of the cell done a lot of videos where we deal with things that go on inside of them but I haven't done one where we just talked about Tire structure of them so good place to start is just draw the membrane in the the cellular membrane is a good place to start cuz this is what separates the cell from the outside world in two large degree it kind of defines the cell did you find it is this very very small compartment that's where the word sell came from slimmy labeled at cellular cellular membrane and all cells have a cellular membrane now if we if we think about the may be the most important thing that defines a cell you probably seen in the DNA videos and we're talk about translation and transcription all of that that what defines what a living this is its DNA so all cells have DNA inside of it I will go to the details of how DNA defines an organism is I've done that in some detail on the DNA videos but all cells have DNA year this is more of a animal anatomy of a cell video then the function that will go into the function because we need to know what these different parts do so this is right here this is the DNA this is the DNA Athens chromatin form here there's also a little proteins here just not in all organisms we're going to stick to eukaryotes I'll talk a little bit about the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a second we have DNA cell right now this is pretty much any cell any cell in in any animal or plant or whatever Kingdom could look like this how to draw a lot of the details I just run the DNA and the cellular membrane now here is kind of the first major division in the living world or at least for our point of view or it seemed obvious is that some girls have a membrane around the DNA around the DNA so they'll have a membrane around the DNA that separate the DNA in the chromatin and everything that makes up the stuff within the DNA separates that from the rest of the cell this is all the nucleus this is called a nucleus and I said that's a major division because when some people looked at some cells and they saw a nucleus and other cells and they didn't see a nucleus to say hey this is a good way to classify organisms do they call the things that had nucleus is eukaryotes eukaryotes these have a nucleus so as I've drawn this cell right here it is a eukaryote now if you do not have a nucleus you are dealing with a prokaryote prokaryotes no no nucleus and examples of prokaryotes the two big groups of them are bacteria and Archaea and Arc are really interested me so very very little about them they were originally thought to be types of bacteria but now people are realizing that there this whole complete the other group and sweet we we've actually observed a very small subset I'm so it's very fascinating group and actually turns out that evolutionarily speaking you shouldn't make this division first it actually makes more sense to divide things into you carry out to destroy it. Uke Syria and archaea that you don't want to do this division first that they are actually three separate groups that you want to start off with RK it will do that we'll talk more about this and future videos but if you want to say who has a nucleus will eukaryotes have a nucleus by definition who does not have a nucleus while the bacteria and archaea do not have nuclei just like that but I'm going to focus on eukaryotes because they tend to be a little bit more complex they tend to be larger and it did what we talked about at least in the video so far are dealing with eukaryotes you know eukaryotes include plants animals where animals at least I am animals and fungi there other there other with in eukaryotes but these are the ones that we normally deal with in our everyday world let's go back to looking at the anatomy of cell so we have our DNA we know that it gets transcribed into mRNA that mRNA that ammo RNA leaves the nucleus and it gets translated into proteins at the ribosomes so the ribosomes are these little complexes that could be floating all over the sound will see you in a second that they also be attached to these other membrane structures that this is a ribosome ribosome and if all this talk of DNA transcription into mRNA and mRNA leaving the nucleus and traveling to the ribosomes to be translated into protein makes no sense to you either several videos were going to that in detail do I want to do is just focus on all of the different parts kind of give a big picture of things so ribosomes are where mRNA that gets transcribe inside the nucleus from DNA where it gets translated translated into proteins so you can kind of view them as a place where information actually turns into proteins worse than used anywhere else in the South now one interesting and he's ribosomes are made up of proteins and actually made up of RNA and so one question is where are where are the pieces of the ribosomes made with some are made by proteins which might meaning of the ribosomes but some of it the MRNA ribosomes you can kind of um is this big you know this is mess if you were to look a detailed there's some protein there and I'm a drawing that realistically but then you have some mRNA tide in protein in the MRNA isn't used for actual information purposes like it normally is when it goes from DNA to the ribosome within the ribosome itself ribosomal RNA is actually used as part of the structure it actually helps the ribosome function as a ribosome so it's actually part of the ribosome and all of that all of that gets built in a part in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus or the nucleophile let me write that down so this right here this is interesting right here this is the nucleolus the nucleus or the nucleoli and it isn't a separate organelle and it's not separated by a membrane but shows up in microscopes when people first sunhaters like a bundle there there was that must be like the core of the nucleus or something but it turns out what it is it's the densely packed you got DNA and RNA and that's actually where the ribosomal RNA the stuff that makes up the ribosomes is actually produced and it's so dense that it shows up on a microscope and that's why people decided to name it something different but it is not membrane-bound it's not an organelle within an organelle it's just densely-packed a proteins and ribosomal RNA is where ribosomes RNA gets produced so anyway we're at the ribosome that's where proteins get produced but if the ribosomes are just floating around if they're free ribosomes than those proteins will just know once they're produced at the ribosome they'll just float around here in the fluid inside the cell that we called the cytosol side is all but what if what if we wanted to produce proteins that are supposed to end up maybe in the membrane of the cell or maybe outside of the Mim salice salentino cells produce things that are used by other cells are used by the rest of the body and here we have to go to proteins that are attached to this membrane kind of you as a bunch of tunnels let me see how well I can draw it I'm going to drop very rough you have this thing called the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum you just viewed as a bunch of tunnels like that endoplasmic reticulum and they eventually lead to something called the Golgi bodies named after Mr Golgi himself so I'll do the endoplasmic reticulum in yellow and I'll do the Golgi bodies I'll do the Golgi bodies in green maybe just like that'll tell you second what they are so what's going this is kind of a a big kind of stock or or you can kind of cute as a bunch of folded membranes together and some ribosomes are actually attached to this part which I called the endoplasmic reticulum we have we have ribosomes attached so some of them are free some of them are attached Emily Wright my labels down so this right here and wheezes face over here this big flap of of of of of convoluted membrane that the endoplasmic reticulum and do plasmic reticulum fun to say endoplasmic reticulum maybe you a good name for a band and do plasmic reticulum in the parts that have ribosomes attached to it are called the rough endoplasmic reticulum maybe even a better name for a band so right here or I've attached ribosomes so these ribosomes are cats right here is the rough endoplasmic reticulum or maybe the rough ER the rough rough ER you're standing for endoplasmic reticulum and then where we don't have any ribosomes attached that's the smooth endoplasmic reticulum so right here that is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum I'mma tell you in a second what this is but we can keep following the membranes Ventures we get the Golgi bodies Golgi bodies are free ribosomes mRNA guess they're just translated proteins in the proteins than this float around in the cytosol what if we want proteins that should end up in brains are that end up outside of the sound that's where the endoplasmic reticulum in and the Golgi bodies come into play cuz now what we can do is we have mRNA coming in coming outside of the nucleus and it can attach to the ribosome what can be translated by the ribosomes in the rough ER and what happens here's your mRNA comes here it's getting through that are all very small getting translated on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum sprezza protein gets produced it's getting pushed into the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum that when I say the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum talking about this area this I'm coloring it in this is the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum it so the proteins will get pushed into the endoplasmic tickling the ones that are to be used outside of the cytosol outside of the cell or maybe in the cell's membrane is a protein will end up here that's why those ribosomes are on the membrane cuz it can translate things that are outside of the endoplasmic reticulum but as a proteins produced did the chain of the amino acid chain ends up inside of it let me make a make a blow-up of that cuz I think that'll be useful so let me draw an endoplasmic let me say let's say this is the membrane of the endoplasmic Nick reticulum and then you have ribosomes attached to it so let's say that's a ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum and this is going to be the rough endoplasmic reticulum and what you can have is mRNA coming into one side of it get your mRNA mRNA can kind of come in through here maybe it's going in that direction is getting translated into the proteins for the protein as it's as the amino acids is built up will pop out on this end of the member remember this is our membrane over endoplasmic reticulum so even though the MRNA is on the outside because the ribosomes attached to it the protein can show up on the inside until the once the protein is built maybe that full you know protein is just a folded chain of amino acids it can travel through the endoplasmic reticulum it travels through it it travels to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum way to get to the Golgi bodies and all sorts of other things happened oversight simplifying things I Just Wanna Give You a sense of what everything in the cell does and what's the protein travels to the Golgi bodies and they get ready for traveling outside of the seller may be traveling to the cell's membrane the gold actually butt out Golgi body so let's say the same protein when it gets to the Golgi bodies remember it's inside of the Golgi body so let me draw the membrane of the Golgi body right there the protein might end up there just a big chain of amino acids and then it but out so let's say it looks like that and then maybe the next step would look something like this it look like that it look like that and the very next step you could have you look something like this where it's actually completely but it out has taken its popped out a little of the membrane of the Golgi body with it so now the protein is surrounded by its own little membrane idealistic about what happened a tree a DNA transcribed into mRNA mRNA goes to a ribosome that's attached to the endoplasmic reticulum it is translated into a protein that travels through the endoplasmic reticulum first the rough world the ribosome Louder Than This mood this weed has other functions it also helps it also helps produce hormones and another fatty compound but I won't go into detail there they just travel that connects to the Golgi bodies of the Golgi bodies the proteins can but off and take a little bit of the membrane with it and this idea of something being surrounded by a membrane and just traveling in the cell so maybe the protein now looks like this I'm enlarging and maybe the proteins there and then it took bit of the Golgi body membrane with it this is called a vesicle this right here let's have another one right here I'm just doing that to label it that's called a vesicle and a vest was really just a very general term for anything little small things mostly proteins that in the cell that are just floating around that are surrounded by their own little mini membranes and the reason why this mini membrane is useless. This protein cannot float to the outer membrane of the cell across the flow to other parts of the cell I'm doing a simplification and then it can merge either with the membrane of the cell or it can use this membrane this little vesicle membrane itself has to facilitate getting out of the cell you can imagine that it eventually you know this thing could have looked at this is the outer membrane of the cell and I'm doing a gross oversimplification I'm not even during the by lipid layer but just to have a visual and depression what it might look like Sylvester gold are the little protein inside of it and it gets closer and closer to the membrane and then it can merge with the membrane cuz it's made up of the same stuff it merges with the membrane your protein inside i g i switch colors arbitrarily but now I was done with it merges with the membranes in the protein can exit the actual cell or maybe we can actually embed itself within this membrane within the outer cellular membrane which I do very thin but it's it has two layers to it we'll talk more about that in a I can find make a whole video on it so those are pretty good progress on showing the anatomy of the cell doors to a few other things we can throw in there their things called lysosome what you're really there's things called lysosomes which exists in animal cells that contain protein that can contain enzymes in them that help dissolve other things lysosome lysosome attaches to something else and is able to spew with enzymes into it is it usually killed it usually digested so that's what a lysosome does in in in Anna and plan to have things called lytic vacuoles and those are really the you think is a lysosome in terms of their function and that they're really big vesicles and inject in general of vacuole is just a big vesicle just a general term for a big membrane-bound organelle vacuole and once again what's an organelle let me write down that word or Janelle it's just a membrane-bound I just got subunit of a cell just like my liver is a subunit of cell and organ and it's an organ and organelle is a subunit of a cell so a vacuole is just a general term for a membrane-bound organelle that stores stuff inside of ourselves so the stores things so a lytic vacuole would be a vacuole in a plant cell that stores a bunch and if it weren't attached to something else it would dissolve it if it were able to spew its enzymes into the other thing now there's several organelles that we've talked about it within the context of respiration and photosynthesis and I go to detailing those but we have things called mitochondria mitochondria in cells have inner and outer membranes and this is where this is where we produce our energy where sugars are turned into ATP and I've been detailed videos on this and these are actually contain their own DNA they can actually reproduce on their own which makes a lot of so they have their own DNA which makes people believe that they exist that date that their ancestors once existed as end pendant prokaryotic organisms that once you know at some point they just kind of stumbled upon the notion of hey why don't I live it within inside other organisms and kind of live in symbiosis so mitochondria these are organelles at one time at one time their ancestors might have been independent prokaryotes so those are mitochondria and write down my toe chondria that's where cellular respiration takes Barn we go into detail. plant cells this is only in definitely not an animal cells have chloroplasts which are subsets of thing called plastids with chloroplasts are the most famous maybe I should do that in this specially green green so we have chloroplasts thylakoids in there this is where photosynthesis takes place if your grandma and all of that and I do go to detail in the photosynthesis videos but it's good to know these are other organ is at organelles and just like mitochondria they have their own DNA their own ribosomes and soda Leaf isn't that they were once independent prokaryote that learn to live in symbiosis with inside of larger eukaryotic cells are cells are other things we can throw on here if we dealing with plant cells or really not animal cells will have something called a cell wall which will give some strength to the outer membrane you can kind of do it that way or you could kind of get some rigidity so you have things called cell walls of their not this early completely rigid you can almost do miss balloons and provide just a little bit more rigidity things like would actually have double cell walls first me a really  rigidity so this is a cell wall cell wall vs non animals and in plants is made out of cellulose not cellulite cellulose I used to confuse me so these discs is extra rigidity or form to the cellular membrane and then to actually give the cell its actual structure you have things called microfilaments and he's actually help give the cell its actual structure in three dimensions and actually they actually can participate in things moving around within the salary for the cell moving around it's self I just to be complete make sure we're covering everything if you watch the mitosis and meiosis videos you have these things called centrioles I go to detail there centrioles that are right outside of the nucleus two centrioles that are at right angles to each other make up a centrosome and this is the kind of coordinate the microtubules when we when we start splitting the cells in mitosis and meiosis I won't go into detail. funny videos on that as well but so far this is pretty much everything you need to know about or at least eight AA first overview of the structure of the cell than you do in one video we finally got it all in one place this is pretty much pretty much I haven't bailed in a detail everything on all of the major pieces of the cell so hopefully you have a a better big picture of you of how things are organized inside of it

Uploaded by Bradley Ott.

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Boot Camp 2020-2021 Assignment #3b Video

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