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Boot Camp 2020-2021 Assignment #4 Video

Added Apr 23, 2021 •

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Please watch this CRSD video and complete the Assignment #4 worksheet.

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this review has been designed to help prepare for the biology Keystone exam there are nine different podcast it will be United each of the nine podcast covers different important topics in biology the first podcast topic will be all about biochemistry and covers the filing packet questions start off with we have different compounds in biology and we're going to break them into two we have organic compounds and we have inorganic compounds are organic compounds are those compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen them we are going to focus mainly on four different categories of organic compounds those will be our carbohydrates are lipids are nucleic acids and proteins and Edition will discuss one major important inorganic compound for the section and inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon and hydrogen for example carbon dioxide oxygen and water but this podcast the most important inorganic topic we're going to focus on is water so just a refresher for chemistry we have water consisting of two hydrogen's and an oxygen atom has 8 protons 8 trans to neutral atom has 8 neutrons also in the nucleus the first shell can hold up to two electrons and then each subsequent shell can hold up to eight so action is eight electrons in the first shell in the following hydrogen as in time number one one proton one electron and actually has no neutrons in its nucleus that's why they shouldn't with a little plus sign here because this is looking at the first shell it wants to do whatever it can to get to two items with steel atoms will share and Anna dump off electrons to guy to get to their magic numbers so what happens here is we are sharing between the two hydrogen's and the oxygen which results in something like this you can see from the green or sharing one electron and then oxygen sharing one so hydrogen it's too it's happy this hydrogen has its to is happy and then we have two for six electrons in oxygen outer shell oxygens also happy however even though they're sharing electrons they don't share the is evenly as you might think electrons are negatively charged in the whole Opposites Attract thing is true electrons want to go to the area that has more of a positive charge so if you're looking well hydrogen has one little proton in its nucleus where is oxygen has 8 protons does nucleus so what happens is even though they're shared they're not as evenly shirt as possible so if you look at this picture they have a slight little negative here in a slight little positive you're saying this part of the water molecules more negative in this part of the water molecules more positive we return for that we call it polarity so water is a perfect example of a polar molecule a slight negative and a positive however there are non are molecules due to either of the elements that make them up or it might be due to the actual spatial arrangement of those elements so for example is nonpolar it has an even distribution of electrons all about it the reason I'm even then is because this polarity of water is really really important because we need to talk about hydrogen bonds so hydrogen bonds form whenever there's a slight positive and a slight negative it's not as strong as a real Bond like a covalent or ionic bond what is an attraction between means molecules and compounds so you can see right here they're represented by Dash lines to indicate their week but if you're saying about a whole Beaker of water or the entire strand of DNA they build and strength to do their share numbers so you can be here just another picture water molecules trying to hydrogen bond and you can have more than one bond for me liquids at least in for water don't tend to arrange themselves as neatly with hydrogen bonds she's pretty interesting because most compounds when they are in their solid state they are actually more dense there more Clump together than they are in the liquid state most compounds they will sink as a solid compared to the other what they're just more dense water however is an exception you've seen that water is denser because ice floats on top of the water and the reason that happens is when ice freezes its base is out to maximize the number of hydrogen to hear you might get one or two hydrogen here we are getting that maximum number of hydrogen bonds occur between water molecules so what happens is they spaced out to get that perfect Arrangement and then when they're spaced out there less dense this is really important for aquatic ecosystems cuz if you think of animals certain animals watch the still live in a lake even the middle of winter because it's only the top layer of ice it freezes and since I said less than it stays on the top two interesting properties that come out of this hydrogen bond at least with water are cohesion and adhesion Duco is referring to together so this is when water molecules are hydrogen bonds specifically to other water molecules you can see this is beating up here and you can see this kind of idea of the surface tension of the water we the cohesion we had this nice little do more this bubble here trying to show you that the hydrogen bonds helped pull the water back onto itself and that's what creates that beat it's also important in organisms are there showing you all the way that water gets from the roots to the very tippy top of the tree is through this cohesion adhesion which is when water molecules hydrogen bond to other compounds the most common example that you guys are probably seen is the idea of a meniscus if you're measuring something in a graduated cylinder in class you know to read from the bottom of the meniscus there is the meniscus even forms in the first place is because water wants to try to form hydrogen bonds hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces class is hydrophilic what is going to hydrogen bond up the sides of it and the skinnier the tube the more you're going to see that pulling up recurring it also is a really important I can just another example plants that water molecules are able to kind of pull themselves up or pull themselves down along the sides this teeny tiny tubes inside of plants to get fluid moving throughout the whole plan give me a plumber ization which is actually related to Yu-Gi-Oh in this case the polymerization is the idea of taking a monomer and you can see it's bracket it off here it's this little building blocks this unit and attaching it over and over again to make a large cuz he's which we call a polymer or monomer can be identical so I can have this exact same thing repeating over and over again or monomers can be different looking as long as they had the right parts match up and all kind of show you that a second so I mentioned those Mac molecules are organic compounds and macromolecules can either be built and we can form them or we can break them down and use the elements in them for other types of molecules or compounds in our body if we build them up we call that an anabolic that's in the general umbrella term for that is polymerization there are two more specific terms explain exactly how play mauritians happen and I'm really going to be focusing on the bottom one kiss from me that turn makes a lot of sense you're dehydrated will then that means lost water and synthesis means to put something together soon and that she'll dehydration synthesis means you remove a molecule of water to create a chemical bond if I want to break something down it's on the anabolic process is a catabolic process set of polymerization we have deep liberalization there's one specific term for this in this is hydrolysis and I love this word because Hydro referring to water lysis referring to split in this case we're actually getting out of water across chemical bond, we add that water we break the bond in half so we can go from a big thing of polymer and we can break it into small repeating units or monomers so just a little bit on dehydration synthesis that's an overview so you can see here that summer comes close an enzyme comes in takes away the water removes water and makes a chemical bond this is just a very general picture but it's done with carbohydrates is done with lipids and it's done with protein so you can see right here it's Pole what's the water to make bond pulling out the water to make the bond on the flip side we have hydrolysis so getting out of water using an enzyme across Avant and that's going to split it up so what are added splitter hear the water would have been added o h n e r h splitting apart O S H & H splitting it apart we have four different macromolecules we're going to cover carbs lipids nucleic acids and proteins all have slightly different elements in them but you'll notice they all share carbon and hydrogen because that's what makes him an organic compound the way I remember the elements is by thinking of the Power Rangers sounds a little cheesy but the Power Rangers have their little catchy theme song but instead of saying go go Power Rangers I say chocho chop and chosen for the different elements that are in there when I first talked about carbohydrates they have carbon hydrogen and oxygen in them carbohydrate is carbon and water so it actually ends up being a 122 to 1 ratio of those elements when you're looking at carbohydrates the end in ose glucose fructose sucrose lactose lactose all those kind Sugar's will you can see here is they can either form a linear form or ring but again if I were kind of all these carvings and kind of all these carbon oxygen hydrogen so I still get that 122 to 1 ratio are monomers are teeny repeating units is actually hexagonal structure here we call a monosaccharide means one sugar or one sweet bites add a whole bunch of them together and repeating units we call a polysaccharide which is a polymer and it means many sugars you can see that they're not all hatched exactly the same way but they all go through dehydration synthesis carbs are used as your main source of energy and your quickest Source energy it's your running you're going to first happen your carb Supply break those down to get some ATP it's not little later on that you would go to your lipids so lipids are chill with not alot of oh there's a much higher number of carbons and hydrogen's than oxygen so this squiggly zig zag till you see over here that's actually a carbon-to-hydrogen to each little corner point typically they're going to end in o l so cholesterol is one of your good examples the monomers are actually two different ones so you have your fatty acids just as long chain bit and then you have your cholesterol be shown in red some people of her. trans fatty acids before and a lot of companies are pretty much eliminated them and there's also saturated and unsaturated fatty acids so I just kind of wanted to go over those really quickly saturated means you're holding them maximum amount of something so it's saturated fatty acid has as many hide Chicken Shack on that tail as a result it tends to be pretty straight or linear and unsaturated fatty acid is not saturated so you can see right here and here it's missing those hydrogen as the result attends to get a kink in it this would be like fat lard butter solid at room temperature this would be more of your plant oils liquid at room temperature and again we're using this for a long-term energy storage I also put CM here because lipids are the main component of cell membranes and when I talk about cells police and future podcast are nucleic acids are chopping and when you're thinking of those you want to think about DNA and RNA the monomers called a nucleotide and it looks like this there are three different parts of it we have a 5 carb sugar and that's slightly different and I'll talk about that in a future podcast we have a phosphate group that's where the pee comes from and we have a nitrogenous base there are four different types new charges bases in DNA adenine thymine guanine cytosine and it's different one for RNA when you look at DNA is actually a very complex structure and once we start adding and all the different elements that make it up the function of DNA is to storage and I can formation so your hair colored things that you inherit from your parents disease susceptibility your height all that is stored in these little elements these days he's teased is cheese and sees in these monomers passed down from generation to generation and this brings us to our last four macromolecules that would be our proteins proteins are the largest they can be up to hundreds of thousands of Dalton's they are very large compounds and they're really important for a body I put the blue and asked for chosen because not every single protein is going in the store they contain sulfur liver is very commonly found in hopes of the shaping so I include protein such as enzymes tend to end an ace you have hydrolase lipase Catalyst and sometimes they end in in like from an amino acid is the mono of a protein and is made of three different parts looks like this do you even a mean or an amino group right here and you have a carboxylic acid group right here that's where I mean o acid comes from the top half of this is exactly the same for every cell amino acid is this part shown here and yellow this our group that's different there are 20 different naturally occurring amino acids they all share the top it's this our purpose different for each of the 20 when we look at our protein they are enzyme some Autauga enzymes II and proteins are important for structure like your muscles so you can see right here a protein is a bunch of these little monomers these amino acids joined together and then what happens to hydrogen bonding they are able to form more complex shapes also in DNA the thing that holds it together in a center hydrogen bonding very important for organisms and you can see here the proteins continue to twist and fold up to change their shape times are so important for our body because if we didn't have them no chemical reactions whatever happened problem is that chemical reactions usually require a lot of energy we need to have to heat up our body so much we cook it or we have to wait years and years for process the form that we would drop that what enzymes do is they take that massive amount of energy we would need and they cut it down to a much more manageable male that's doable in our body the way that enzymes work is sometimes referred to as a lock and key or do stuff because it's all about the shape so I have my reacting to my substrate and what it does is it snow goes up in here to just the right shape at the pieces don't fit together then that reaction is not going to happen in this case they do fit together so what have is it lowers the activation energy the shape is change a reaction is carried out and then those products are released so if you were eating a cheeseburger and you were digesting that bread in your body that would be an enzyme to take a huge polysaccharide and chop it down into all the little mama enzymes however are very susceptible to changes in your body or changes in their environment temperatures a huge one one of the reasons that you can't get fevers to high without causing damage to your body is because they will mess up your end time both temperature and pH affect how hydrogen bonds on your body work and since hydrogen bonds are so important for this shape of this guy if you're messing with those you're going to affect the shape then the reaction won't happen any organism ultimately die and also other enzymes can factor and sometimes they might change the shape they might block the spot they might invite destroy another enzyme so all those things affect how enzymes work in our body so to sum up this first podcast we've water is a polar molecule and it's really important has hydrogen bonding not just in water but in a lot of compounds for living organisms we have are macromolecules that can be built up through polymerization or broken down through D Plummer station and we have are carbohydrates are lipids or nucleic a prisoner proteins that all too important things in our body thank you for watching this first podcast

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